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In recent years, as urban and municipal water supply systems have continued to improve, standardized source-water treatment, purification, disinfection, and distribution-network management have significantly enhanced the microbiological safety of drinking water. Chlorine dioxide, as one of the oxidation and disinfection technologies that can be used in drinking-water treatment, has been adopted by an increasing number of water plants because of its strong oxidation capability and its suitability for certain complex water-quality conditions. However, many water plant managers have encountered a puzzling situation: the reference chlorine dioxide dosage estimated from design conditions and water-quality parameters often requires continuous adjustment during actual operation, and the actual dosage frequently differs from the initial estimate.
What causes this difference? The key reason is that laboratory calculations and design estimates are based on relatively fixed conditions, whereas a water plant operates in a constantly changing dynamic water system.
When estimating the required chlorine dioxide dosage, engineers generally consider factors such as reducing substances in the source water, organic-matter characteristics, iron and manganese concentrations, target microbial-control requirements, contact time, and the target chlorine dioxide residual. These data can be used to establish an initial reference dosage range for equipment selection and commissioning.
However, a water plant deals with a continuously changing water system:
Water quality may change at any time. Wet and dry seasons, day-night temperature differences, rainfall runoff, algal variations, and upstream agricultural activities may all alter the oxidation demand of the source water.
The distribution system creates continuous demand. Biofilms, corrosion products, and deposits in aging pipelines can create ongoing wall demand for disinfectant and accelerate the decay of chlorine dioxide residual.
Temperature and pH also have effects. Water temperature influences chlorine dioxide reaction rates, disinfection kinetics, and decay. Within the common drinking-water pH range, chlorine dioxide disinfection performance is relatively less sensitive to pH changes, although pH may still affect certain oxidation reactions and by-product formation.
Reducing substances in source water, such as ferrous iron, manganous manganese, sulfides, and certain highly reactive organic or inorganic components, can react preferentially with chlorine dioxide and create additional oxidant demand. If estimates are based only on a limited number of routine water-quality indicators, this actual demand may not be fully reflected.
It should be noted that, for pure chlorine dioxide, ammonia nitrogen is not a major direct chemical-demand factor in the same way that it is for free chlorine. If a water plant uses a mixed chlorine dioxide/chlorine generation system, the influence of ammonia nitrogen on the overall disinfection system should be evaluated according to the actual composition of the generated disinfectant.
Biofilms, corrosion products, and long-term deposits on the inner surfaces of pipelines may react with chlorine dioxide, creating continuous wall demand and causing chlorine dioxide to decay during transportation.
This decay is not simply a matter of physical “absorption,” nor can it be assumed that chlorine dioxide consumption will increase exponentially as pipelines age. Actual decay depends on multiple factors, including pipe material, pipe age, corrosion condition, biofilm, water temperature, water age, flow velocity, and historical operating conditions.
After chlorine dioxide participates in oxidation reactions, it also undergoes transformation. In drinking-water applications, chlorite is one of the important related products that requires attention. Under certain generation systems and operating conditions, chlorate may also need to be monitored.
Therefore, this should not simply be interpreted as “chemical waste.” Rather, it is part of the oxidation and transformation process of chlorine dioxide. When adjusting dosage, a water plant should not focus only on chlorine dioxide residual, but should also consider the control requirements for relevant by-products.
Algal growth periods, heavy rainfall and surface runoff, agricultural non-point-source inputs following fertilization, and abnormal upstream discharges may all cause rapid changes in source-water quality, making previously used chlorine dioxide demand parameters less applicable.
Therefore, rather than treating all such changes as “seasonal factors,” it is more accurate to say that both seasonal variation and sudden water-quality disturbances can change the oxidation demand of source water, making a permanently fixed dosage unsuitable for all operating periods.
To reduce the difference between initial estimates and actual operating values, several measures should be used together:
Upgrade real-time monitoring systems: Install and properly operate online chlorine dioxide monitoring equipment. Under conditions where the required contact time is met, combine flow-proportional dosing with chlorine dioxide residual feedback and adjust operating parameters according to actual conditions. Online instruments should also be regularly calibrated and compared with laboratory test results.
Establish a water-quality early-warning mechanism: Monitor changes in source-water quality, including temperature, turbidity, pH, iron, manganese, organic-matter-related indicators, and sudden pollution events. When significant changes occur, conduct verification testing and adjust the disinfection strategy in advance.
Use intelligent distribution-network simulation: A hydraulic model alone should not be used to directly predict “how much chemical is needed.” A more appropriate method is to combine a distribution-network hydraulic model with a disinfectant decay model to simulate water age, residence time, and chlorine dioxide residual changes in different areas, with continuous calibration using field monitoring data.
Make data-driven decisions: Accumulate long-term operating data and combine source-water quality, treatment flow, actual dosage, contact time, finished-water residual, distribution-end residual, and relevant by-product indicators. Gradually establish a chlorine dioxide demand and decay model suited to the characteristics of the local water source and distribution network.
For drinking-water projects, dosage itself is not the final control objective. According to GB 5749—2022, Standards for Drinking Water Quality, when chlorine dioxide is used for disinfection, the corresponding contact-time and chlorine dioxide control requirements for finished water and distribution-end water must also be met. Therefore, a truly scientific operating approach is to adjust dosage according to dynamic water-quality conditions so that disinfection performance, contact time, chlorine dioxide residual, and relevant by-product indicators all remain under control.
For complex water plant disinfection requirements, suitable products, stable equipment, and professional technical support are all important. XIUBA has long focused on chlorine dioxide disinfection and water-treatment applications and can provide products, equipment, and related technical services according to the actual operating conditions of different water plants.
Customized dosing strategies: Develop corresponding dosing and control strategies based on source-water quality, treatment capacity, contact conditions, distribution-network conditions, target control requirements, field testing, and operating data.
Full-process technical support: Provide technical support according to actual project needs, from water-quality and operating-condition assessment, product and equipment selection, to installation, commissioning, and subsequent operating optimization.
Continuous operating-data analysis: Help water plants gradually establish localized databases covering chlorine dioxide demand, dosing, residual, and relevant by-products, and use historical data analysis to optimize subsequent operating parameters.
Our team has many years of experience in water treatment and disinfection applications and understands the difference between design estimates and actual operation. We provide not only products, but also aim to offer more complete application services according to actual project needs, including preliminary water-quality analysis and operating-condition assessment, product and equipment configuration during project implementation, and subsequent operating optimization guidance.
If you are struggling to maintain stable control of chlorine dioxide dosage or want to optimize an existing disinfection system, we can provide preliminary analysis and solution-design services based on actual water quality and operating conditions, helping water plants improve the stability, rationality, and operating economy of chlorine dioxide dosing while meeting drinking-water safety and relevant standards.
Let every chlorine dioxide dosing decision have a clear basis, and let every parameter adjustment be supported by data. This is not merely a chemical-dosing issue, but an important part of ensuring safe and stable water-supply operations.
The actual dosage of chlorine dioxide at water treatment plants often exceeds the theoretical value, influenced by factors such as reducing agents in the water, sediment in the pipe network, water quality fluctuations, and byproduct consumption. By leveraging monitoring and local operational data to optimize dosage, we can provide water quality assessments and customized dosage solutions.
A water plant in a county in Qinghai Province with a capacity of 30,000 cubic meters per day was found to have excessive byproducts from sodium hypochlorite disinfection. It was upgraded to a Xiuba chlorine dioxide dosing system. Four on-site tests showed that residual chlorine dioxide in the effluent was within acceptable limits, achieving stable compliance. Water treatment upgrades need to be tailored to specific on-site conditions to create a complete closed-loop disinfection process.
Township water plants are gradually replacing sodium hypochlorite with chlorine dioxide for disinfection. Chlorine dioxide has higher sterilization efficiency, is adaptable to a wide range of acidic and alkaline water qualities, does not produce carcinogenic disinfection byproducts, and can also remove algae, deodorize, and clean biofilm in pipe networks. The supporting equipment can intelligently and precisely add chlorine dioxide, resulting in lower long-term chemical consumption and operation and maintenance costs, and can stably improve the quality of water leaving the plant, meeting the needs of rural water supply quality improvement.
my country's complex water sources generally suffer from pH fluctuations, and conventional disinfection processes are prone to problems such as unstable effectiveness and excessive byproducts. Chlorine dioxide can stably kill bacteria in the pH range of 4-10, which is superior to traditional chlorine-containing disinfectants. Xiuba high-purity chlorine dioxide has outstanding byproduct control capabilities, is suitable for various water qualities, and also provides a variety of products and supporting technical services.
The water plant relies on its technological equipment and real-time monitoring and control of water quality. Staff take samples on-site for testing, purifying the water source at each stage. From the water plant to the household, multiple links work together to protect the safety of residents' drinking water.
Remove algae, rust, and microbial contamination from secondary water supply tanks, and conduct standardized cleaning and disinfection, water quality testing, safe operation, and daily maintenance to reduce the risk of secondary pollution.
Both ozone and chlorine dioxide disinfection processes in bottled water plants have their own environmental management challenges. While chlorine dioxide can reduce the pressure of waste gas treatment, it poses risks of gas volatilization and byproducts, requiring the use of closed negative pressure absorption facilities and cannot claim zero emissions. The article clarifies the special evaluation criteria for air pollution near residential areas of the plant area, provides key points for equipment selection, and advocates relying on actual measurement data to achieve compliant low waste gas emissions.
Pipeline transportation consumes chlorine dioxide, and secondary replenishment in pump stations can easily lead to excessively high local concentrations that corrode pipelines. This can be addressed by using flow-linked dosing, mixing the agent with a pipeline mixer, and controlling the dosage in a closed-loop manner with an online residual chlorine meter; simultaneously monitoring dissolved oxygen and corrosion potential, supplementing with corrosion inhibitors and adjusting pH, thus achieving both disinfection and pipeline protection.
To address the issue of uneven chlorine dioxide disinfection effectiveness caused by the mixing of new and old pipe networks in water plants, this paper proposes a differentiated dosing strategy involving zoning, dynamic adjustments, and end-point chlorination. Through precise control, this strategy can effectively stabilize residual chlorine in the pipe network, control disinfection byproducts, and protect the pipe network from corrosion, providing a reference for the disinfection operation and maintenance of similar water plants.
Dead zones in the clear water tank of a water plant can easily lead to substandard disinfection CT values. Based on fluid dynamics, four in-tank flow optimization methods are proposed to improve hydraulic conditions, eliminate stagnation zones, and stabilize the disinfection effect of chlorine dioxide.
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