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In the face of polluted water sources, water treatment systems must not only remove pollutants that affect water quality, but also control microbial risks. Reasonable application of chlorine dioxide disinfectant and supporting dosing equipment in front-end pre oxidation and end disinfection can provide support for comprehensive water purification processes.
For water sources intended for domestic drinking water, their suitability should be evaluated first. GB 5749-2022 "Hygienic Standards for Drinking Water" clearly states that when the water quality of the source does not meet the corresponding requirements, it should not be used as a source of drinking water; If conditions require utilization, corresponding water purification processes should be adopted to ensure that the treated water quality meets the standard requirements. According to: GB 5749-2022
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of comprehensive treatment scenario of water plant
Front end pre oxidation, carrying out pre-treatment for raw water problems
Before the raw water enters the coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and other treatment stages, chlorine dioxide pre oxidation injection points can be set according to the water quality test results, and its oxidation effect can be used to treat some easily oxidizable substances, creating conditions for subsequent purification.
For example, the applicability of chlorine dioxide pre oxidation can be evaluated for water quality issues caused by specific odorants and iron, manganese, etc. The particulate matter generated by oxidation still needs to be removed through subsequent precipitation and filtration; The reaction effects of different organic pollutants vary greatly, and pre oxidation cannot be equated with comprehensive removal of pollutants. Technical Reference: Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation and Disinfection Guidebook
Therefore, the dosage of pre oxidation should be determined through raw water testing and experimentation, and adjusted in conjunction with subsequent process adjustments. If adsorption or other deep treatment units need to be added, they should be configured around the target pollutants.
Figure 2 Front end pre oxidation dosing scenario
End disinfection, balancing reaction efficiency and standardized contact time
Figure 3: Realistic Installation Diagram of Xiuba Chlorine Dioxide Dispenser
The purified water enters the final disinfection stage, and chlorine dioxide can quickly exert its bactericidal effect under suitable conditions, but the operation of the project still needs to ensure the specified contact time and disinfectant residue.
According to GB 5749-2022, when using chlorine dioxide for disinfection of drinking water, the contact time with water should be ≥ 30 minutes, the remaining amount of factory water should be ≥ 0.1 mg/L, and the remaining amount of terminal water should be ≥ 0.02 mg/L. The chlorine dioxide limit for both factory water and terminal water is ≤ 0.8 mg/L. The above values belong to the requirements of contact time and water retention, and cannot be directly used as a unified dosage. According to Table 2 of GB 5749-2022
The actual addition also needs to consider water temperature, turbidity, organic matter consumption, and mixing conditions. Chlorine dioxide has already been added to the front-end, and the disinfection time at the end cannot be arbitrarily shortened based on this.
Figure 3 Scene of End Disinfection and Water Quality Monitoring
Xiuba chlorine dioxide products provide choices for drug selection
According to the official website of Shandong Huashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xiuba chlorine dioxide products include powder, tablet, and liquid forms. The drinking water application column lists products such as one yuan powder, two yuan A/B agent, effervescent tablets, and disinfectant. The company also provides disinfectant powder addition equipment and chlorine dioxide equipment. Source: Xiuba Official Website Drinking Water Application and Product Introduction, Equipment and Product Catalog
In specific projects, suitable Xiuba products and supporting equipment can be selected based on the amount of treated water, on-site management conditions, and dosing methods. The preparation, activation, and usage requirements for different models may vary, and should be based on the current label instructions and applicable proof materials of the selected product. The usage method of a certain model cannot be generalized to all products.
The selection of reagents can refer to GB/T 26366-2021 "Hygienic Requirements for Chlorine Dioxide Disinfectants", and verify the corresponding hygiene and safety data in combination with the use of drinking water. According to GB/T 26366-2021 published by the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention
The combination of medication and equipment ensures that each stage of dosing has its own focus
For projects that plan to use Xiuba chlorine dioxide, two injection points can be designed based on the experimental results: the front end can be adjusted around the oxidation requirements of the raw water, and the end can be controlled around the disinfection target, effluent residue, and contact time.
The supporting equipment should be equipped with functions such as metering and dosing, sufficient mixing, flow linkage, residual monitoring, and abnormal alarm according to project needs. When selecting, it is necessary to confirm whether the specific equipment has these functions item by item and verify its compatibility with the selected medication.
Projects that use chlorine dioxide disinfectant generators should also verify the relevant requirements for equipment and disinfectant preparation in accordance with GB 28931-2024 "Hygienic Requirements for Chlorine Dioxide Disinfectant Generators"; A simple medication dispensing device should be verified based on the actual equipment category and should not be confused with a generator. According to: GB 28931-2024
Full process monitoring to ensure traceable processing effectiveness
The combined application of pre oxidation and end disinfection should coordinate the total dosage of the two injection points and pay attention to by-products such as chlorite and chlorate. Whether the disinfection is effective, whether the remaining amount is appropriate, and whether the by-products are controlled need to be verified synchronously. According to: GB 28931-2024
The application value of Xiuba chlorine dioxide disinfectant and its supporting equipment needs to be implemented in specific water quality and operating conditions. By determining the treatment task through raw water testing, optimizing the two-stage dosing through experiments, and continuously monitoring and testing the effluent effect, the "front-end pre oxidation+end disinfection" can effectively serve the stable treatment of polluted water sources.
The tidal discharge of hospital outpatient sewage leads to frequent on-off of chlorine dioxide disinfection system, posing efficiency, equipment and safety hazards. Relying on five layers of protection to ensure operational safety, cooperating with operation and maintenance measures such as phased operation, encrypted maintenance, and optimized drug supply, adjusting start and stop times reasonably, improving sewage disinfection efficiency, and building a solid public health defense line.
Xiuba chlorine dioxide can be used for advanced treatment of polluted water source. The front end pre oxidizes the odorant, iron and manganese, and the dosage is determined by test; The terminal disinfection shall comply with the requirements of the national standard to ensure the contact time and water margin. The product covers a variety of dosage forms and supporting equipment, which should be selected according to the national standard. Double dosing points are set, and the equipment is equipped with metering, monitoring and alarm functions to control the total dosage, monitor disinfection by-products, and ensure the water quality treatment effect by relying on detection test and whole process monitoring.
Regarding the control of hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorate raw materials for chlorine dioxide generators in hospital wastewater treatment, the quality requirements of raw materials are clearly defined in accordance with national standards such as GB28931-2024. On-site rapid acceptance can be carried out through visual inspection, odor identification, specific gravity and pH testing, and small-scale reaction. By implementing management measures such as raw material registration and sampling, separate storage, regular equipment cleaning, and monitoring of operating parameters, the disinfection effect can be stabilized, and cost reduction and efficiency improvement can be achieved.
Hospital wastewater is prone to producing byproducts and residual resistant pathogens when disinfected alone. A chlorine dioxide-ozone-ultraviolet coupling process can be used for deep treatment. Chlorine dioxide is the main disinfection unit, ozone degrades recalcitrant pollutants, and ultraviolet light is used for final control. With the help of online monitoring, the reagents and energy consumption can be intelligently adjusted to balance treatment effect and cost. In the future, it will develop towards big data AI automatic control.
Sodium thiosulfate and other reducing substances in hospital wastewater may rapidly consume chlorine dioxide, leading to insufficient residual chlorine and reduced disinfection intensity in some areas. Solving this type of "disinfection gap" problem cannot rely solely on increasing the dosage. Instead, it requires a comprehensive disinfection assurance system built through measures such as source identification, homogenization adjustment, optimized mixing, rational dosage, upgraded monitoring, and supplementary disinfection.
Chlorine dioxide kills bacteria through multi-target oxidation, and theoretically, it is unlikely to produce drug-resistant bacteria. However, long-term sublethal low-dose disinfection of wastewater systems can screen out resistant microorganisms, leading to bacterial succession. In such cases, it may be necessary to increase CT disinfection parameters to achieve the desired disinfection effect. The risk of increased microbial tolerance and the effectiveness of hospital wastewater disinfection can be mitigated by ensuring sufficient dosage and contact time, avoiding prolonged low-dose operation, combining UV/ozone disinfection, proper wastewater pretreatment, and regular monitoring of water quality microorganisms.
When chlorine dioxide is used to disinfect hospital wastewater, short-circuiting and disinfection dead zones can easily occur due to the short half-life of the agent. A three-stage mixing process, consisting of pipeline premixing, inlet enhanced mixing, and in-tank flow guidance, combined with an online intelligent control system and standardized equipment selection and daily operation and maintenance, can be used to achieve rapid and uniform distribution of chlorine dioxide in wastewater and ensure the disinfection effect of hospital wastewater.
When hospital wastewater is disinfected with chlorine dioxide, pH directly affects the disinfection effect. The pH needs to be maintained within the range of 6.0–8.5. Water quality is controlled through monitoring, intelligent dosing, and coordinated regulation of upstream processes to ensure stable discharge compliance and save operating costs.
Excessive ammonia nitrogen in hospital wastewater stems from four main issues: pretreatment, biochemical processes, water volume, and process technology. This article provides a complete solution encompassing pretreatment, biochemical optimization, advanced treatment, and emergency nitrogen reduction, balancing stable compliance with operating costs, and simultaneously promoting solutions from chlorine dioxide disinfectant manufacturers.
Abnormalities in hospital wastewater biochemical systems can lead to elevated COD and ammonia nitrogen levels, excessive consumption of chlorine dioxide causing disinfection failure, and posing a risk of pathogen leakage. This article introduces six emergency response measures and a corresponding long-term management plan to ensure wastewater meets discharge standards and safeguard public health and environmental safety.
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