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In recent years, as township water-supply facilities have continued to improve, some water treatment plants have begun optimizing their existing disinfection processes according to source-water quality, treatment capacity, distribution-network conditions, and operational management capabilities.
Chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite are both commonly used disinfection technologies in water treatment. Each has its own characteristics, and there is no single “best solution” suitable for every water plant.
For some township water plants dealing with relatively high algae levels, taste and odor problems, or noticeable fluctuations in source-water pH, chlorine dioxide has become an option worth evaluating because of its oxidation and disinfection characteristics.
Chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidizing agent. It can oxidize important cellular structures and functional substances of microorganisms, disrupting their normal physiological activity and thereby achieving disinfection.
It has inactivation activity against a variety of bacteria and viruses, as well as certain microorganisms that are relatively resistant to conventional free chlorine.
However, drinking-water disinfection cannot simply be understood as “a certain concentration can kill a certain percentage of microorganisms within one minute.”
Actual disinfection performance is jointly affected by factors including:
Therefore, when determining dosage and contact time, water plants should conduct tests and process validation based on actual water-quality conditions instead of directly applying fixed parameters.
After sodium hypochlorite enters water, the proportion of its effective disinfecting species changes with pH. Under relatively high-pH conditions, the distribution of different forms of free chlorine changes significantly, which may affect disinfection efficiency.
By comparison, the oxidation and disinfection performance of chlorine dioxide is relatively less sensitive to pH changes within common drinking-water pH ranges.
This can be useful for water plants where source-water pH shows seasonal or periodic fluctuations.
However: Being relatively less affected by pH does not mean that chlorine dioxide is unaffected by water-quality conditions.Lower water temperatures, higher turbidity, increased organic matter, and the protective effect of particles on microorganisms may all influence actual disinfection performance.
For this reason, effective coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration remain important foundations for stable disinfection by reducing turbidity and contaminant loads before water enters the disinfection stage.
During conventional chlorination, disinfectants may react with natural organic matter under certain water-quality conditions and form chlorinated organic disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes.
The primary reaction mechanism of chlorine dioxide differs from traditional chlorination. Under appropriate operating conditions, it may therefore help reduce the formation risk of certain chlorinated organic disinfection by-products.
This is one of the reasons some water plants consider chlorine dioxide.
However, this does not mean that chlorine dioxide produces “zero by-products.”
During water treatment, chlorine dioxide undergoes a series of redox reactions. Important inorganic by-products that require attention include:
Chlorite and chlorate.
Therefore, the real question in drinking-water disinfection with chlorine dioxide is not:
“Are there any by-products?”
but rather:
How can microbial safety be maintained while keeping disinfectant dosage and relevant by-products within appropriate limits?
This requires comprehensive control based on source-water quality, chlorine dioxide generation quality, dosage, contact time, and downstream treatment processes.
For this reason, expressions such as “no toxic residues,” “zero carcinogenic substances,” or “completely free of by-products” are not technically appropriate descriptions of chlorine dioxide.
A more scientific interpretation is:
Chlorine dioxide has a different disinfection by-product profile from conventional chlorination. Proper application may help optimize certain chlorinated organic by-product risks, but chlorite, chlorate, and other relevant indicators must also be strictly controlled.
The value of chlorine dioxide in water treatment is not limited to microbial disinfection.
Under suitable water-quality and process conditions, it may also be used as an oxidizing agent in certain pre-oxidation applications.
Algae and their metabolites, as well as certain natural organic substances, may cause earthy, musty, fishy, or other undesirable odors in water.
Chlorine dioxide can oxidize some taste- and odor-causing compounds and may also help control certain algae, creating more favorable conditions for subsequent coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration.
However, taste- and odor-causing compounds differ greatly in chemical properties.
Therefore, it is not appropriate to assume that “all unpleasant odors will disappear after chlorine dioxide is added.”
Actual performance should be determined through water-quality analysis and on-site testing.
Maintaining an appropriate disinfectant residual can help reduce the risk of microbial regrowth in water-supply systems.
Under suitable conditions, chlorine dioxide can contribute to controlling certain microorganisms and biofilm formation.
However, chlorine dioxide is not a “pipeline cleaning agent.”
Serious deposits, mature biofilms, corrosion products, and sanitary dead zones still require appropriate distribution-system maintenance, flushing, and targeted cleaning measures.
A more accurate statement is:
Chlorine dioxide can form part of a distribution-system microbial control strategy, but it cannot replace pipeline cleaning, maintenance, and hygienic management.
Chlorine dioxide has strong oxidation capability and, under appropriate conditions, can oxidize certain forms of iron, manganese, sulfides, and other reducing substances.
For example, some dissolved iron and manganese can be oxidized into forms that are more readily removed by subsequent sedimentation and filtration.
One point is especially important:
Oxidation does not equal removal.
Actual removal of iron and manganese generally requires combination with downstream sedimentation, filtration, or other treatment processes.
Therefore, describing chlorine dioxide as a “heavy-metal killer” is inaccurate.
A more appropriate description is:
It can provide auxiliary oxidation in certain water-treatment processes.
Because chlorine dioxide is highly reactive, many water plants use dedicated generation equipment to produce and dose it on site.
This approach can reduce concerns associated with long-term storage of finished chlorine dioxide and allows production to be adjusted according to actual treatment flow.
However, “on-site generation” does not mean that management is unnecessary.
Stable operation of a chlorine dioxide generation system depends on many factors, including:
Water plants therefore need to regularly inspect and calibrate generation equipment, metering pumps, and monitoring instruments.
Modern water plants can integrate online water-quality monitoring, flow monitoring, and automated dosing systems to adjust disinfectant dosage according to changes in treatment flow and selected water-quality parameters.
This can reduce some repetitive manual operations and improve dosage stability.
However, automatic control cannot completely replace human management.
Operators still need to conduct regular manual verification, equipment inspection, and abnormal-condition assessment.
For township water plants in particular, the real value of automation does not depend on how advanced the equipment appears, but on whether:
The equipment is simple and reliable, easy to maintain, produces trustworthy data, and can be operated consistently by local personnel over the long term.
When selecting a disinfection process for a water plant, the price of the chemical itself is only one component of the overall economic model.
A complete cost assessment should at least consider:
Therefore, there is no basis for assuming that every water plant using chlorine dioxide will require only a fixed fraction of the sodium hypochlorite dosage, nor is it appropriate to promise that “the investment will definitely be recovered within a certain number of years.”
Different water plants have different source-water conditions, treatment capacities, and existing facilities, so their final economic results can vary significantly.
Sodium hypochlorite can also be supplied as commercial solution or produced on site using generation equipment.
For township water plants, a more reasonable approach is therefore to conduct a life-cycle cost comparison.
This may include evaluating:
Only by comparing these factors within the same project can a water plant determine which solution is truly more suitable.
The answer is not simply “yes” or “no.”
If source water has significant algae problems, taste and odor issues, iron or manganese oxidation requirements, or if the plant wishes to maintain relatively stable disinfection performance under variable pH conditions, chlorine dioxide may be one option worth evaluating.
However, if a plant already operates a mature and stable sodium hypochlorite system, source-water conditions are relatively simple, and long-term operating performance is satisfactory, replacing the existing process purely for the sake of an “upgrade” may not necessarily produce better overall economics.
Before selecting a disinfection process, it is more useful for a water plant to answer several questions:
What problems actually exist in our source water?
Is microbial disinfection the only requirement, or are algae, taste and odor, iron, manganese, or other issues also present?
What is the real weakness of the existing disinfection system?
Is the issue unstable disinfection, difficulty controlling by-products, equipment maintenance, or operational management?
Can the proposed new process actually solve these specific problems?
The answer should ultimately be verified through field testing, operating data, and cost analysis.
Only after these questions are answered clearly can a “disinfection upgrade” have real technical value.
Township water supply is gradually evolving from simply “ensuring water availability” toward improving the overall level of drinking-water safety protection.
This places higher requirements on the stability of disinfection processes.
Chlorine dioxide has strong oxidation and disinfection capabilities. Under certain water-quality conditions, it offers technical characteristics in terms of relative pH tolerance and auxiliary oxidation of algae-related compounds, taste and odor substances, iron, and manganese.
But it is not an unrestricted “universal disinfectant.”
Control of chlorite and chlorate, generator operation, precursor-chemical management, and equipment maintenance are equally important parts of the overall process.
Therefore, chlorine dioxide and sodium hypochlorite should not be viewed simply as a relationship in which a “new technology replaces an old technology.”
For a specific township water plant, a scientific decision should be based on an integrated assessment of:
Source-water quality + treatment process + distribution-network conditions + operational capability + disinfection by-product control + life-cycle cost
The solution that best fits the actual conditions of the plant is the better solution.
Regardless of which disinfection technology is ultimately selected, the objective remains the same:
To improve microbial safety and overall water-quality assurance through a stable, standardized, and sustainable treatment system, providing residents with safer and more reliable water.
For more information on water-treatment and disinfection solutions, please follow the official account of Shandong Huashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
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